Nursing Theorist Essay Example for Free

Nursing Theorist Essay Plan 3 nursing analyze utilizing the Problem, Etiology, and Signs and Symptoms (PES) group and the scientific classification of NANDA. The judgments must be founded looking into it study, be suitable, be organized, and be arranged accurately. For each nursing analysis, state 2 wanted results utilizing NOC models. Wanted results must show restraint focused and quantifiable inside a distinguished time span. For every result, state 2 nursing intercessions utilizing NIC standards just as 1 assessment technique. Intercessions and the assessment technique must be fitting to the ideal results. Give justification to each nursing analysis, and clarify how PES, NANDA, NOC, and NIC apply to every determination. Utilize at least 3 companion investigated assets, and make an APA arranged reference page. Nursing Diagnosis 1: Urinary Retention R/T Anesthesia Nursing Interventions Wanted Outcome 1 Wanted Outcome 2 Nursing Intervention Visually examine and touch lower mid-region for extension (Mosby 2012). Patient’s stomach size won't increment and extension will diminish. Patient will stay liberated from stomach torment r/t urinary maintenance. Nursing Intervention 2 Urinary Catheterization (Mosby 2012) Patient will exhaust bladder 30ml 60 minutes Patient will exhibit clean procedure if performing self-catheterization. Assessment strategy Measure info and yield hourly to get exact estimations. Ensure catheter is liberated from crimps to take into account legitimate seepage Rationale Keeping precise records of I/O will guarantee that the patient is emptying appropriately. Guaranteeing tolerant is liberated from agony will advance less nervousness and keep imperative signs inside range. Teaching quiet on clean strategy will advance a situation with less microorganisms and keep danger of disease lower. Nursing Diagnosis 2: Risk for Infection/RT Urinary Catheter Wanted Outcome 1 Wanted Outcome 2 Nursing Intervention 1 Infection Control Understanding stays liberated from contamination, as prove by typical imperative signs, and nonattendance of purulent seepage from wounds, cuts, and cylinders (Mosby 2012). Disease is perceived right on time to consider brief treatment (Mosby 2012). Nursing Intervention 2 Infection Protection Instruct patient to wash hands frequently, particularly in the wake of toileting, before dinners, and when overseeing self-care (Mosby 2012). Show quiet significance of eating even dinners to advance sound dietary status. Assessment technique Assess tolerant perform self-care as to advance further training. Permit patient to verbalize and exhibit comprehension of appropriate nourishment and indications of contamination. Justification Patients with inhabiting catheters should be demonstrated clean strategies when being released home. Teaching persistent on legitimate hand washing will advance clean condition and keep patients danger of disease lower. Instructing understanding on the early indications of disease will advance brief clinical intercession. Teaching understanding on appropriate sustenance and significance of even dinners will advance quicker mending of cut and lower patients’ danger of contamination. Nursing Diagnosis 3: Pain R/T Postoperative agony Wanted Outcome 1 Wanted Outcome 2 Nursing Intervention 1 Envision requirement for help with discomfort (Mosby 2012) Envisioning agony may bring about sedating at a lower portion to keep understanding agreeable. Keeping up a degree of solace where the patient isn't asking for help. Keeping fundamental signs stable while keeping up the patient agreeable. Nursing Intervention 2 React promptly to grumbling of agony (Mosby 2011) Makes a confiding in relationship with patient to guarantee open lines of correspondence. Permits the patient to realize that you are sympathetic to their distress and that they are not the only one. Assessment strategy Assess booked occasions of prescription organization. Round hourly on the patient as to promise the patient that their needs will be met. Instruct persistent taking drugs organization time so they are holding off on holding up until their agony is at a level 8 preceding they request alleviation. Assess the reactions from the patient as to guarantee that they are feeling good with the consideration. Reason Foreseeing agony will permit the medical caretaker to be on schedule for the patient in torment. Making that believing relationship with the patient will permit open lines of correspondence with the patient which will thus consider better consideration and result. Instructing a patient on when to request prescription will guarantee that the patient never arrives at a degree of extraordinary torment. Rewarding your patient with sympathy and compassion will consider the patient to feel happy with the consideration they are accepting and make a confiding in relationship. Reference Swearingen, P. L. (2012). Across the board care arranging asset: clinical careful, pediatric, maternity, mental nursing care plans (third ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. Gulanick, M. (2011). Nursing care plans: conclusions, mediations, and results (seventh ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby. Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F. (2002). Nursing care plans rules for individualizing quiet consideration (sixth ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.

Geology and Wildlife of the Appalachian Mountains

Geography and Wildlife of the Appalachian Mountains The Appalachian Mountain Range is an old band of mountains that extends in a southwestern bend from the Canadian region of Newfoundland to focal Alabama, the core of southeastern United States. The most noteworthy top in the Appalachians is Mount Mitchell (North Carolina) which lies at a rise of 6,684 feet above ocean level. Territory Classification The territory zones found inside the Appalachian Mountain Range might be delegated follows: Ecozone: TerrestrialEcosystem: Alpine/MontaneRegion: NearcticPrimary Habitat: Temperate forestSecondary Habitats: Mixed deciduous woodland (otherwise called southern hardwood backwoods), southern Appalachian timberland, change backwoods, and boreal timberland Untamed life The untamed life an individual may experience in the Appalachian Mountains incorporates a wide assortment of creatures: Warm blooded animals (moose, white-followed deer, mountain bears, beaver, chipmunks, bunnies, squirrels, foxes, raccoons, opossums, skunks, groundhogs, porcupines, bats, weasels, vixens, and minks)Birds (falcons, woodpeckers, songbirds, thrushes, wrens, nuthatches, flycatchers, sapsuckers, and grouses)Reptiles and creatures of land and water (frogs, lizards, turtles, poisonous snakes, and copperheads) Plants A climber along the Appalachian Trail would see a lot of vegetation also. In excess of 2,000 types of plants are accepted to live along the mountain go, with 200 species living just in the southern Appalachians. Rhododendron,â azalea, andâ mountain tree are among those delivering blossoms. A huge number of tree species incorporates redâ spruce, balsamâ fir, sugar maple,â buckeye,â beech,â ash,â birch,â red oak,â white oak, poplar,â walnut,â sycamore, yellow poplar, buckeye, eastern hemlock, andâ chestnut oak. Mushrooms, greeneries, greeneries, and grasses likewise are bounteous. Geography and History The Appalachians were shaped during a progression of impacts and detachments of structural plates that started 300 million years prior and proceeded through the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras. At the point when the Appalachians were all the while shaping, the landmasses were in unexpected areas in comparison to today, and North America and Europe had impacted. The Appalachians were at one time an augmentation of the Caledonian mountain chain, a chain that is today in Scotland and Scandinavia. Since their arrangement, the Appalachians have experienced broad disintegration. The Appalachians are a topographically mind boggling scope of mountains that are a mosaic of collapsed and inspired levels, equal edges and valleys, transformed dregs and volcanic stone layers. Protection The rich woodlands and coal veins gave industry to a frequently ruined region. Be that as it may, the outcome in some cases left zones of the Appalachians crushed with air contamination, dead trees, and corrosive downpour. A few gatherings are attempting to monitor the natural surroundings for people in the future as the local species likewise face dangers from urbanization and environmental change. Where to See Wildlife The 2,100-mile Appalachian Trail is a most loved of climbers, running from Springer Mountain in Georgia to Mount Katahdin in Main. Sanctuaries are posted along the course for overnight stays, however it isnt important to climb the whole path to make the most of its magnificence. For the individuals who would prefer to drive, the Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles from Virginias Shenandoah National Park to the Great Smoky Mountains National Parkâ in North Carolina and Tennessee. A portion of the spots you can see natural life along the Appalachians include: Appalachian National Scenic Trail (extends from Maine to Georgia)Cuyahoga Valley National Park (Ohio)Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina and Tennessee)Shenandoah National Park (Virginia)White Mountain National Forest (New Hampshire and Maine)

The Fentanyl Crisis The Drugs Analogs and Derivatives

The Fentanyl Crisis â€"The Drugs Analogs and Derivatives Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Fentanyl Analogs and Derivatives in the Epidemic By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 01, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 19, 2019 Mladen_Kostic/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Fentanyl? Increase of Use The Fentanyl Crisis Analogs and Derivatives Opioid Addiction Opioid Overdose View All Back To Top Although the medical use of fentanyl has declined recently, illicit fentanyl and its analogs and derivatives have become a significant part of the larger opioid crisis which has spread across the United States and Canada, as well as many other countries. The fentanyl crisis  is claiming the lives of hundreds of people each month. What Is Fentanyl? Fentanyl is a high potency synthetic narcotic, sometimes called synthetic heroin. The drug also has street names including white heroin, Perc-O-Pops, or Chiclets. Fentanyl was created in 1959 as an intravenous surgical analgesic. It is 50 to 100 times more powerful than morphine. As an opioid drug, fentanyl is sometimes used deliberately by people who use other opioid drugs, such as heroin and prescription painkillers. But due to its potency, it has made its way into many other drugs that people use recreationally. This has led to a huge increase in accidental consumption of fentanyl, and in overdose deaths, often by people who are not even aware they are taking it. If a user is  new to taking opioids, the risk of overdose is even higher, because their bodies have not developed any tolerance to the drug. However, even regular heroin and methadone users are at risk of overdose if they take fentanyl because it is so much stronger than these other opioids. Increase of Use Originally, fentanyl was rarely used, except in hospital operating rooms. However, in the 1990s, a new transdermal skin patch was developed to treat chronic pain. Patients who used the patch were people who desperately needed pain relief, but regular opioid pain medications had become ineffective for them. Although originally used only in these rare cases, the use of the fentanyl patch increased rapidly, due to its potency and effectiveness in managing pain in these hard-to-treat patients. It was also used because of some unique advantages it offered over other drugs, including quick and short action, few cardiovascular risks, and low histamine release. This made it a good prescription choice for some patients, as it reduced some of the risks of medical complications that other pain relievers have. As the use of the fentanyl patch increased, it began to be prescribed for patients with chronic non-cancer pain. As its popularity increased, alternative forms of the drug, including lozenges, tablets, and nasal sprays were developed for medical use. These alternative forms of the drug increased the potential for the drug to make its way into the illicit drug market, which wasnt really feasible when the drug was only available as a skin patch. This led to a dramatic escalation of its use as a cutting agentâ€"a drug that is mixed with another drug to increase its bulk or potency and thereby the profit that can be made. Even though fentanyl is an opioid drug, drug dealers began to use it to cut a variety of drugs including heroin, cocaine, and meth, because only a tiny amount was needed to produce a powerful euphoric experience. Unfortunately, this went hand-in-hand with an increase in illicit drug users dying or nearly dying from overdoses, even when they only took a tiny dose of the drug, and even when they did not intend to take fentanyl or another opioid. The Fentanyl Crisis The increasing availability of prescription fentanyl has provided a supply of this powerful drug. Fentanyl  can be stolen from hospitals, pharmacies, and or from patients and sold on the street drug market. In addition to pharmaceutical fentanyl being diverted from medical sources, Chinese labs began making and selling cheap fentanyl, which is imported to North America and cut with other drugs for a huge profit. In this way, both medical and illicitly made fentanyl has spread throughout the illicit drug market, massively increasing the number of drug-related deaths. Analogs and Derivatives Drug analogs are drugs that are developed to imitate a particular drug, but they are not identical. Sometimes called novel psychoactive substances, they can be made to be similar in chemical structure, or similar in pharmacological effect to the original drug. Creating drug analogs became popular in the 1990s, as illicit drug manufacturers tried to beat the legal system by making drugs that could not be listed as illegal or controlled drugs until they were recognized. Although this designer drug strategy did not beat the system, because any drug that was structurally similar to a controlled drug also became illegal, drug manufacturers have continued to develop new drug analogs in this way. Carfentanil The fentanyl analog carfentanil, which has begun appearing in street drugs, is a particularly dangerous analog of fentanyl. Whereas fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more powerful than morphine, carfentanil is 10,000 times more powerful than morphine. In fact, it was never even intended for use by humans but was only intended to treat large animals many times our size. Furanyl Fentanyl Another fentanyl analog, furanyl fentanyl, is often made illegally for sale on the illicit drug market and has been contributing to the fentanyl and opioid crisis. Researchers have developed a way to identify furanyl fentanyl in the urine specimens of pain patients and discovered that approximately 10 percent  of samples from a set of 500 urine specimens which had been thought to contain heroin were found to also contain furanyl fentanyl. Novel Fentanyl Analogs The number of new psychoactive drugs that are introduced through the online recreational drugs market is also increasing. The Swedish STRIDA project conducted research which confirmed cases of people admitted to the hospital emergency department or intensive care unit with drug intoxication involving  the novel fentanyl analogs acrylfentanyl, 4-chloroisobutyrfentanyl (4Cl-iBF), 4-fluoroisobutyrfentanyl (4F-iBF), and tetrahydrofuranfentanyl (THF-F), and cyclopentylfentanyl. These people typically experienced symptoms of decreased consciousness (difficulty staying awake or passing out), respiratory depression (difficulty breathing), and miosis (constricted pupils of the eyes). These people all required acute and intensive hospital treatment, which, unfortunately, was not always successful. Fentanyl  Derivatives A derivative is a drug that is made from another drug. Several fentanyl derivatives, initially sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, carfentanil, and, more recently, acetylfentanyl, 6-butyrfentanyl, 4-MeO-butyrfentanyl, isobutyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, a-methylfentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl or TMF, p-methylfentanyl, methylacetylfentanyl, acrylfentanyl, 2-fluorofentanyl, fluoroacetylfentanyl, ocfentantanyl, and many others, are illegally manufactured. These derivatives do not have recognized medical uses, and have worsened the opioid crisis and the number of drug-related deaths. Fentanyl Analogs and Derivatives in Other Drugs One of the differences between the current opioid crisis and previous drug crises is the large number of accidental deaths, of people who did not even intend to take the drug that killed them. Because illicit drugs, by their nature, are unregulated, it is usually impossible for people to know if the drugs they purchase from a dealer contain fentanyl. Given the pharmacological strength and therefore, the cost-effectiveness of using fentanyl and its analogs and derivatives as a cutting agent, the risk of fentanyl being mixed with other drugs is higher than ever. This has led to an unprecedented number of people dying from opioid overdosesâ€"people who never thought they were at risk because they did not knowingly take opioids. Opioid Addiction It is currently thought that about 10 percent of people prescribed opioids become addicted, although the actual numbers are difficult to calculate, as addiction is such a stigmatized condition. Fentanyl does not typically start out as the drug of choice for opioid users, as the dosages are so small and the overdose risk is so high. However, people who have been using heroin or other opioids for a long time, and no longer get the effect they want from small doses, may be attracted to fentanyl for its potency and cost-effectiveness compared to other drugs. This will greatly drive up their tolerance, producing an intense physical addiction to opioids. Many of the people exposed to fentanyl do so unknowingly; they may think they are using cocaine or meth, and actually be taking fentanyl as well if it has been used as a cutting agent. If taken over a long period of time, these people are also at risk of developing an opioid addiction, as the body develops a tolerance for opioids. They may begin to experience cravings for the drug and experience opioid withdrawal symptoms if they do not take a substance containing opioids. Opioid Addiction Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Opioid Overdose Taking an overdose is one of the most significant risks of using fentanyl. The current opioid crisis has resulted in a massive increase in deaths by overdoses on opioids, many of them involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, or fentanyl derivatives. Although an opioid overdose can potentially be reversed if caught in time, a person can only stop breathing for a few minutes before they die. Therefore, an overdose can only be reversed if the person continues to breathe, or is administered the correct medication within a few minutes of stopping breathing. They may also require CPR if their heart has stopped. A fentanyl overdose happens very quickly. People who overdose on fentanyl have the same clinical symptoms as those who overdose on other opioids, such as heroin or opioid painkillers. They become unresponsive, and their breathing slows down, becomes very shallow, and may even stop completely. During an overdose, a user may have an erratic or weak heartbeat, or their heart may even stop completely, so you cant find a pulse. As their body is deprived of oxygen, their skin becomes pale and ashen in color, while their lips, fingertips and under fingernails change to a blue or purple color. An opioid overdose, including an overdose of fentanyl, fentanyl analogs. or fentanyl derivatives can be treated by administering a medication that blocks the opioid receptors in the brain. This medication is called naloxone or NARCAN. Naloxone is available either as an intramuscular injection or as a nasal spray. If the persons heart has stopped, CPR will be needed to re-start the heart.  Additional doses of naloxone can be administered at three- to five-minute intervals if the person who has overdosed does not wake up. As fentanyl is such a strong opioid, an overdose is more difficult to reverse than many other opioids, and several doses of NARCAN may be required to revive them. Unfortunately, as many people use opioids on their own, people who take fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, or fentanyl derivatives may simply die alone, with no-one to administer naloxone or call 911. Therefore, it is very important not to use drugs which may contain fentanyl alone, and ideally, for a companion to have access to NARCAN. It is also important if two people are using drugs together, not to take the substance at the exact same time, because if both overdose immediately, there will still not be anyone conscious to administer NARCAN or call 911. A Word From Verywell Many lives have been lost due to drug users taking too much fentanyl, and no-one is available to help. Also, even if an overdose is reversed, the oxygen deprivation that happens during an opioid overdose can have lasting effects on the brain, so it is not a situation to be taken lightly. There has never been a worse time to experiment with drugs.

Discrimination Against Women in the United States Essay

All around the world people are being discriminated; some are discriminated because of their race, while others are because of their gender, such as women. In today world, it is no different than it was 10,000 years ago. Women are still sold into prostitution, forced to marry someone they don’t love, have no right for abortion or birth control, have little or no access to education, and have to fully rely on men. This is not fair at all, women should have right’s, they didn’t before here in the United States, but now they do (even though it still exists here). If women can have right’s here in the United States they should be able to else ware. In all discrimination against women is unfair, and unjust, because here in the U.S it is†¦show more content†¦In fact they probably can’t get a job at all. You might be thinking that the men just work harder, but in fact this happens even when women work harder than the man. It even happens when wo men have a higher position than a man; the man might actually get paid more even though that is rare. Not only is this against the law, but also one thing people actually ignore is that discrimination against women does affect our own economy. It is considered that gender discrimination is costly for all economics. The Center For Economic and Policy Research designed a growth model by choosing values to fit the boundaries. The guideline economy represented the economy of the United States. CEPR then figured out the output cost of an increase of discrimination. The findings showed that 50% of the in gender discrimination resulted in a decrease of income of around a quarter of the original income. In the end it was determined that for several countries a large portion of the difference for outcome is due to gender inequality. So basically CEPR proves that the gender inequality does affect the economy in a negative way. With this negativity in the economics than the U.S may no longer be the 5th best economy in the world. However if we find a way to completely stop discrimination than possibly this number can actually go up and eventually is the best economy in the world but right now with discrimination still going strong , weShow MoreRelatedEssay on Where Are Womens Rights?1616 Words   |  7 PagesWhere are Women Rights? Did not God create everyone equal and gave them his or her rights? Did God ever say that people should treat every human differently based on his or her gender? Who does not know about gender discrimination? Gender Discrimination, which is also called sex discrimination, was gone in the twentieth century right! This is not true. Gender discrimination still exists today around the world in many countries including the United States. 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Essay on The Nightmare - 1084 Words

The Nightmare Dreams are often visions of the conscience that hold the most truth. In the novel, Cracking India, by Bapsi Sidhwa, the narrator Lenny, has a reoccurring nightmare that contains much truth about the state of India. In Lenny’s nightmare, Children lie in a warehouse. Mother and Ayah move about solicitously. The atmosphere is businesslike and relaxed. Godmother sits by my bed smiling indulgently as men in uniforms quietly slice off a child’s arm here, a leg there. She strokes my head as they dismember me. I feel no pain. Only an abysmal sense of loss- and a chilling horror that no one is concerned by what’s happening (Sidhwa 31). Lenny’s childhood nightmare is symbolic of the condition of India prior to†¦show more content†¦The Indians’ adoption of the British culture enables the British to remain in India and this submissiveness is shown through the metaphor of the warehouse in Lenny’s dream. Gandhi also suggests that â€Å"we keep the English in India for our base interest. We like their commerce; they please us by their subtle methods and get what they want from us† (Gandhi 216). Their subtle methods and efficient ways are described in Lenny’s nightmare as the businesslike and relaxed atmosphere. Gandhi’s point is proven in Cracking India when Colonel Bharucha suggests to a group of people that they should stop buying British salt. Dr. Manek Mody, an upper-class citizen, immediately objects because he prospers from the British presence in India and sees no reason to stop buying their salt. Dr. Mody’s failure to look past his personal profit is preci sely the chilling lack of concern about the holistic well-being of India that Lenny is referring to in the description of her nightmare. Gandhi suggests that the solution to the problem of achieving Home Rule lies in getting to the root of the matter. He proposes that â€Å"if an excess of food has caused me indigestion, I shall certainly not avoid it by blaming water† (Gandhi 215). 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I ve had this dream many times before and it always resulted in me never finding out who was under the cloak nor actually receiving the final blow. The familiarity that I felt from the person also puzzled me. Was it someone that I knew? I sighRead MoreTheu.s. Latino And The American Culture746 Words   |  3 Pagesdays, the journey did not seem horrendous. It was not until the fourth and fifth day of walking all day and night that the â€Å"adventure† as he viewed it; turned into a nightmare. The reason he viewed it as an adventure was because he had migrated once to the United States and the journey was smooth. There were no complications. The nightmare began the second day when the guide decided to leave the group in mercy of faith. The guide who was to take make sure they crossed over to a safe place, decided to

The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay Free Essays

Teaching practicum concerns readying of instructors and its usage has embraced all the learning experiences of pupil instructors in schools. The intent of reexamining related literature is to research thoughts of learning practicum. This reappraisal will discourse three chief thoughts, viz. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , overview of the construct of beliefs and learning practicum, theoretical model and related research surveies. 2.1 The construct of learning practicum Teaching practicum is about universally recognized today as the flood tide of a instructor ‘s professional readying in pre-service instructor instruction plans. Harmonizing to the surveies of Gower A ; Walters ( 1983 ) , the instruction pattern programme is the major indispensable constituent in professional instruction. Teaching practicum is defined as those periods of uninterrupted pattern 12 hebdomads ( depends on the peculiar instructor preparation college or university ) in school constitute an obligatory portion of the class in colleges or universities of instruction. This period of practical experience is besides called by assorted term, clinical experience, pupil instruction, learning pattern every bit good as practicum. During the instruction practicum, pupil instructor conducts schoolroom lessons and performs the responsibilities of a instructor in school. Harmonizing to the Teacher Training Division Guidelines on practicum for pre-service instructor preparation ( 2005 ) , learning practicum provide chances for pupil instructor to pattern theories in instruction and acquisition patterns and to develop single instruction and learning theories. The chief purpose of learning practicum is to bring forth effectual school instructors and non simply schoolroom instructor. Student instructors are besides provided with chances for a assortment of brushs with kids in schools. This means that pupil instructors are non merely cognize how to learn efficaciously in category but are besides able to manage co-curricular activities as good. In short, learning practicum programme is to fit future instructors with the indispensable experiences which can take to the development of their professional competences. Teaching practicum purposes for pupil instructors to maestro and pattern all the constructs, rules, accomplishments and values in order to go a p rofessional instructor. 2.2 What is belief? Harmonizing to Michaela Borg ( 2001 ) , belief is a proposition which may consciously or unconsciously held, is appraising in that it is accepted as true by the person, and at that place imbued with affectional committedness ; farther, it serves as usher to thought and bahaviour. On the other manus, Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975 ) define belief as information, factual, and nonfactual knowledges. Cognition is described as â€Å" what person knows or assumes to be true † ( Berkowitz, 1980, p. 275 ) . No affair what is one ‘s belief, the beliefs still play an of import function in many facets of instruction, every bit good as in life. It is because these beliefs help persons make sense of the universe, act uponing how new information in perceived, and whether it is accepted or rejected. Nevertheless, beliefs differ from cognition, although they are related to each other, in that beliefs do non ever represent the truth. Beliefs are non merely considered as discipline-dependent ( Tsai, 2002 ) , but beliefs besides include apprehensions, premises, images or propositions that are felt to be true ( Kagan, 1992 Richardson, 1996 ) . 2.3 Theoretical model 2.3.1 Teachers ‘ Beliefs Shulman ( 1986 ) claimed that a instructor needs to cognize about the capable affair, to cognize a assortment of general instructional schemes, and to cognize about the specific schemes necessary for learning peculiar capable affair. Most of us would besides hold that the good instructor transforms curriculum ends and guidelines in such a manner that a peculiar pupil is able to get the hang and understand the related content. Dan Lortie states that one ‘s personal sensitivities are non merely relevant but, in fact, stand at the nucleus of going a instructor. Teachers ‘ belief is a term normally used to mention to teacher ‘s pedagogic beliefs, or those beliefs of relevancy to an single instruction. The countries most normally explored are instructors ‘ beliefs about instruction, acquisition, and scholars ; capable affair ; self as a instructor, or the function of a instructor ( Calderhead, 1995 ) . Besides that, instructors ‘ beliefs do play a cardinal function in the procedure of instructor development. Those beliefs form portion of the procedure of understanding how instructors ‘ conceptualize their work as a instructor. Tatto ‘s ( 1996, p. 155 ) of import work on beliefs concluded â€Å" laic cultural norms among enrollees are strongly ingrained and that most teacher instruction, as it is presently structured, is a weak intercession to change peculiar positions sing the instruction and direction of diverse scholars † . Another survey shows that â€Å" a individual ‘s belief system has permeant effects in different domains of activity- ideological, conceptual, perceptual, and esthetic † ( Rokeach, 1960, p. 288 ) . In add-on, Brown found that certain philosophical beliefs and educational beliefs were effectual in foretelling agreement-disagreement with experimentalism of schoolroom pattern. â€Å" Indications were that professed educational beliefs had a generalised consequence on learning behaviour ; specific cardinal beliefs were most powerful in act uponing specific schoolroom behaviours † ( Brown A ; Webb, 1968, p. 215 ) . To back up those beliefs, Clark and Peterson ( 1986 ) proposed that: The most resilient or ‘core ‘ instructors ‘ beliefs are formed on the footing of instructors ‘ ain schooling as immature pupils while detecting instructors who taught them. Subsequent instructor instruction appears non to upset these early beliefs, non least, possibly, because it seldom addresses them. If instructors really seek out a peculiar invention which does non ab initio conform to their anterior beliefs or rules and the invention proves helpful or successful, so adjustment of an alternate belief or rule is more possible than in any other circumstance. For the notice instructor, schoolroom experience and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours interaction with co-workers has the possible to act upon peculiar relationships among beliefs and rules, and, over clip, consolidate the person ‘s substitution of them. However, it seems that greater experience does non take to greater adaptability in our beliefs and, thereby, the forsaking of strongly held pedagogic rules. Quite the contrary in fact. The more experience we have, the more reliant on our ‘core ‘ rules we have become and the less witting we are making so. Professional development which engages instructors in a direct geographic expedition if their beliefs and rules may supply the chance for greater self-awareness through contemplation and critical inquiring as get downing points for ulterior version. The instructors ‘ conceptualisations of, for illustration, linguistic communication, acquisition, and learning are situated within that individual ‘s wider belief system refering such issues as human nature, civilization, society, instruction and so on. Consequently, instructors ‘ belief about the importance of learning have a great impact on their instruction patterns ( Salmon, 1988 ) . The following subdivision will look at instructors ‘ belief about learning practicum. 2.3.2 Teachers ‘ belief about learning practicum The term ‘practicum ‘ is used generically to mention to the different types of school fond regard ; viz. , school experience, learning assistantship, learning pattern and so forth that pre-service pupils will be undergoing as portion their initial instructor readying programme. The school-based practicum is designed to enable pupil instructors to detect a instructor ‘s existent work of work, and to use and polish the cognition and accomplishments acquired through course-work in schoolroom instruction. Student instructors are to utilize the chances during the practicum to incorporate instruction theory and pattern and to widen their practical experiences. In the context of learning practicum, a pupil instructor is expected to use what they have learned theoretically. To maximise the public-service corporation of practicum, it is of import that instructor trainers actively promote the effectual acquisition during the practicum period. Effective acquisition should be concerned with the acquisition of organized wholes of cognition. It is a procedure that involves developing the ability to place the aims one is seeking and, within a flexible model, optimising a programme to run into these aims, in line with single acquisition properties. Effective acquisition besides needs to accomplish transference of cognition from the artificiality of a preparation class, to practical application where the trainees adapts acquired cognition to the sensed demands of a peculiar job or state of affairs ( Robotham, 2003 ) . Many researches claim that learning practicum is a cardinal component in most pre-service instructor instruction programmes. Many besides debates about the appraisal of the pattern of pupil instructors frequently reflect ongoing philosophical arguments about the nature of instructor instruction ( Brown, 1996 ) and traditional barriers between instructors and faculty members ( Groundwater-Smith, 1997 ) . A set of written standards used to measure the competency of pre-service secondary instructor instruction pupils during practicum. The dimensions of the appraisal protocol did non look to be based on any articulated theory of good instruction pattern, and there were important uncertainties about the extent to which the assorted groups of stakeholders had a shared apprehension of the criterions implied in the standards. In instruction what we label as criterions are socially constructed and often fuzzed ( Sadler, 1987 ) and require the shared apprehension of a concept in a community of pattern ( Wiliam, 1996 ) . 2.4 Related Research Studies 2.4.1 Pre-service instructors ‘ beliefs about learning practicum Prior to existent instruction experiences, pre-service instructors derive their initial positions on learning from at least two beginnings. First, it comes from their personal experiences as pupils, dwelling of their interactions with and exposures to assorted instructors throughout their school life, with such factors holding a inclination to act upon their grounds for calling pick, every bit good as beliefs and patterns on their professional lives ( Ben-Petetz, 2003 ; Bramald, Hardman, A ; Leat, 1995 ; Saban, 2003 ) . Second, it consequences from pre-service instructors organizing their conceptual repertories as they undergo the formal preparation provided by teacher educational plans ( Bermald, 1995 ; Dunkin, Precian, A ; Nettle, 1994 ; Nettle, 1998 ) , ab initio dwelling of theoretical cognition through foundation and methods classs, and finally come oning or climaxing into the application of such theories via the alleged pattern instruction. Few surveies have been done in pre-service instructors. The undermentioned premises are cardinal to a justification of pattern as a portion of the preparation of instructors: Teaching is behavior, and as behaviour is capable to analysis, alteration, and betterment. Much of the accustomed behaviour which persons have developed in other contexts is inappropriate for the instruction state of affairs. Under present conditions, much instruction is conducted under conditions of emphasis. Teaching is an highly complex sort of behaviour, affecting the full scope of idea procedures, communicating and physical action. Teachers, through pattern can larn to analyse, knock and command their ain instruction behaviour. Practice has the double intent of preparation and the riddance of the unfit. Practice provides the experience which gives intending to many other facets of direction in instruction ( learning ) . The beliefs of pre-service TESL instructors have may deserve their ain geographic expedition. These beliefs may act upon pupils in acquisition of cognition, choice and definition of specific learning undertakings, and reading of cognition, and reading of class content. Puchta ( 1999 ) asserts that ‘beliefs are steering rules of our pupils ‘ behaviour and strong perceptual filtersaˆÂ ¦ they act as if they were true ‘ . On the other manus, Dunkin ( 1994 ) claims that how student-teachers ‘ positions on instruction may be influenced by formal learning practicum programme. Kennedy ( 1996 ) hypothesizes that ‘real and effectual alteration in instructors ‘ patterns can merely happen through a alteration in their beliefsaˆÂ ¦ the manner instructors behave ‘ . How to cite The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay, Essay examples

The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay Free Essays

Teaching practicum concerns readying of instructors and its usage has embraced all the learning experiences of pupil instructors in schools. The intent of reexamining related literature is to research thoughts of learning practicum. This reappraisal will discourse three chief thoughts, viz. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , overview of the construct of beliefs and learning practicum, theoretical model and related research surveies. 2.1 The construct of learning practicum Teaching practicum is about universally recognized today as the flood tide of a instructor ‘s professional readying in pre-service instructor instruction plans. Harmonizing to the surveies of Gower A ; Walters ( 1983 ) , the instruction pattern programme is the major indispensable constituent in professional instruction. Teaching practicum is defined as those periods of uninterrupted pattern 12 hebdomads ( depends on the peculiar instructor preparation college or university ) in school constitute an obligatory portion of the class in colleges or universities of instruction. This period of practical experience is besides called by assorted term, clinical experience, pupil instruction, learning pattern every bit good as practicum. During the instruction practicum, pupil instructor conducts schoolroom lessons and performs the responsibilities of a instructor in school. Harmonizing to the Teacher Training Division Guidelines on practicum for pre-service instructor preparation ( 2005 ) , learning practicum provide chances for pupil instructor to pattern theories in instruction and acquisition patterns and to develop single instruction and learning theories. The chief purpose of learning practicum is to bring forth effectual school instructors and non simply schoolroom instructor. Student instructors are besides provided with chances for a assortment of brushs with kids in schools. This means that pupil instructors are non merely cognize how to learn efficaciously in category but are besides able to manage co-curricular activities as good. In short, learning practicum programme is to fit future instructors with the indispensable experiences which can take to the development of their professional competences. Teaching practicum purposes for pupil instructors to maestro and pattern all the constructs, rules, accomplishments and values in order to go a p rofessional instructor. 2.2 What is belief? Harmonizing to Michaela Borg ( 2001 ) , belief is a proposition which may consciously or unconsciously held, is appraising in that it is accepted as true by the person, and at that place imbued with affectional committedness ; farther, it serves as usher to thought and bahaviour. On the other manus, Fishbein and Ajzen ( 1975 ) define belief as information, factual, and nonfactual knowledges. Cognition is described as â€Å" what person knows or assumes to be true † ( Berkowitz, 1980, p. 275 ) . No affair what is one ‘s belief, the beliefs still play an of import function in many facets of instruction, every bit good as in life. It is because these beliefs help persons make sense of the universe, act uponing how new information in perceived, and whether it is accepted or rejected. Nevertheless, beliefs differ from cognition, although they are related to each other, in that beliefs do non ever represent the truth. Beliefs are non merely considered as discipline-dependent ( Tsai, 2002 ) , but beliefs besides include apprehensions, premises, images or propositions that are felt to be true ( Kagan, 1992 Richardson, 1996 ) . 2.3 Theoretical model 2.3.1 Teachers ‘ Beliefs Shulman ( 1986 ) claimed that a instructor needs to cognize about the capable affair, to cognize a assortment of general instructional schemes, and to cognize about the specific schemes necessary for learning peculiar capable affair. Most of us would besides hold that the good instructor transforms curriculum ends and guidelines in such a manner that a peculiar pupil is able to get the hang and understand the related content. Dan Lortie states that one ‘s personal sensitivities are non merely relevant but, in fact, stand at the nucleus of going a instructor. Teachers ‘ belief is a term normally used to mention to teacher ‘s pedagogic beliefs, or those beliefs of relevancy to an single instruction. The countries most normally explored are instructors ‘ beliefs about instruction, acquisition, and scholars ; capable affair ; self as a instructor, or the function of a instructor ( Calderhead, 1995 ) . Besides that, instructors ‘ beliefs do play a cardinal function in the procedure of instructor development. Those beliefs form portion of the procedure of understanding how instructors ‘ conceptualize their work as a instructor. Tatto ‘s ( 1996, p. 155 ) of import work on beliefs concluded â€Å" laic cultural norms among enrollees are strongly ingrained and that most teacher instruction, as it is presently structured, is a weak intercession to change peculiar positions sing the instruction and direction of diverse scholars † . Another survey shows that â€Å" a individual ‘s belief system has permeant effects in different domains of activity- ideological, conceptual, perceptual, and esthetic † ( Rokeach, 1960, p. 288 ) . In add-on, Brown found that certain philosophical beliefs and educational beliefs were effectual in foretelling agreement-disagreement with experimentalism of schoolroom pattern. â€Å" Indications were that professed educational beliefs had a generalised consequence on learning behaviour ; specific cardinal beliefs were most powerful in act uponing specific schoolroom behaviours † ( Brown A ; Webb, 1968, p. 215 ) . To back up those beliefs, Clark and Peterson ( 1986 ) proposed that: The most resilient or ‘core ‘ instructors ‘ beliefs are formed on the footing of instructors ‘ ain schooling as immature pupils while detecting instructors who taught them. Subsequent instructor instruction appears non to upset these early beliefs, non least, possibly, because it seldom addresses them. If instructors really seek out a peculiar invention which does non ab initio conform to their anterior beliefs or rules and the invention proves helpful or successful, so adjustment of an alternate belief or rule is more possible than in any other circumstance. For the notice instructor, schoolroom experience and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours interaction with co-workers has the possible to act upon peculiar relationships among beliefs and rules, and, over clip, consolidate the person ‘s substitution of them. However, it seems that greater experience does non take to greater adaptability in our beliefs and, thereby, the forsaking of strongly held pedagogic rules. Quite the contrary in fact. The more experience we have, the more reliant on our ‘core ‘ rules we have become and the less witting we are making so. Professional development which engages instructors in a direct geographic expedition if their beliefs and rules may supply the chance for greater self-awareness through contemplation and critical inquiring as get downing points for ulterior version. The instructors ‘ conceptualisations of, for illustration, linguistic communication, acquisition, and learning are situated within that individual ‘s wider belief system refering such issues as human nature, civilization, society, instruction and so on. Consequently, instructors ‘ belief about the importance of learning have a great impact on their instruction patterns ( Salmon, 1988 ) . The following subdivision will look at instructors ‘ belief about learning practicum. 2.3.2 Teachers ‘ belief about learning practicum The term ‘practicum ‘ is used generically to mention to the different types of school fond regard ; viz. , school experience, learning assistantship, learning pattern and so forth that pre-service pupils will be undergoing as portion their initial instructor readying programme. The school-based practicum is designed to enable pupil instructors to detect a instructor ‘s existent work of work, and to use and polish the cognition and accomplishments acquired through course-work in schoolroom instruction. Student instructors are to utilize the chances during the practicum to incorporate instruction theory and pattern and to widen their practical experiences. In the context of learning practicum, a pupil instructor is expected to use what they have learned theoretically. To maximise the public-service corporation of practicum, it is of import that instructor trainers actively promote the effectual acquisition during the practicum period. Effective acquisition should be concerned with the acquisition of organized wholes of cognition. It is a procedure that involves developing the ability to place the aims one is seeking and, within a flexible model, optimising a programme to run into these aims, in line with single acquisition properties. Effective acquisition besides needs to accomplish transference of cognition from the artificiality of a preparation class, to practical application where the trainees adapts acquired cognition to the sensed demands of a peculiar job or state of affairs ( Robotham, 2003 ) . Many researches claim that learning practicum is a cardinal component in most pre-service instructor instruction programmes. Many besides debates about the appraisal of the pattern of pupil instructors frequently reflect ongoing philosophical arguments about the nature of instructor instruction ( Brown, 1996 ) and traditional barriers between instructors and faculty members ( Groundwater-Smith, 1997 ) . A set of written standards used to measure the competency of pre-service secondary instructor instruction pupils during practicum. The dimensions of the appraisal protocol did non look to be based on any articulated theory of good instruction pattern, and there were important uncertainties about the extent to which the assorted groups of stakeholders had a shared apprehension of the criterions implied in the standards. In instruction what we label as criterions are socially constructed and often fuzzed ( Sadler, 1987 ) and require the shared apprehension of a concept in a community of pattern ( Wiliam, 1996 ) . 2.4 Related Research Studies 2.4.1 Pre-service instructors ‘ beliefs about learning practicum Prior to existent instruction experiences, pre-service instructors derive their initial positions on learning from at least two beginnings. First, it comes from their personal experiences as pupils, dwelling of their interactions with and exposures to assorted instructors throughout their school life, with such factors holding a inclination to act upon their grounds for calling pick, every bit good as beliefs and patterns on their professional lives ( Ben-Petetz, 2003 ; Bramald, Hardman, A ; Leat, 1995 ; Saban, 2003 ) . Second, it consequences from pre-service instructors organizing their conceptual repertories as they undergo the formal preparation provided by teacher educational plans ( Bermald, 1995 ; Dunkin, Precian, A ; Nettle, 1994 ; Nettle, 1998 ) , ab initio dwelling of theoretical cognition through foundation and methods classs, and finally come oning or climaxing into the application of such theories via the alleged pattern instruction. Few surveies have been done in pre-service instructors. The undermentioned premises are cardinal to a justification of pattern as a portion of the preparation of instructors: Teaching is behavior, and as behaviour is capable to analysis, alteration, and betterment. Much of the accustomed behaviour which persons have developed in other contexts is inappropriate for the instruction state of affairs. Under present conditions, much instruction is conducted under conditions of emphasis. Teaching is an highly complex sort of behaviour, affecting the full scope of idea procedures, communicating and physical action. Teachers, through pattern can larn to analyse, knock and command their ain instruction behaviour. Practice has the double intent of preparation and the riddance of the unfit. Practice provides the experience which gives intending to many other facets of direction in instruction ( learning ) . The beliefs of pre-service TESL instructors have may deserve their ain geographic expedition. These beliefs may act upon pupils in acquisition of cognition, choice and definition of specific learning undertakings, and reading of cognition, and reading of class content. Puchta ( 1999 ) asserts that ‘beliefs are steering rules of our pupils ‘ behaviour and strong perceptual filtersaˆÂ ¦ they act as if they were true ‘ . On the other manus, Dunkin ( 1994 ) claims that how student-teachers ‘ positions on instruction may be influenced by formal learning practicum programme. Kennedy ( 1996 ) hypothesizes that ‘real and effectual alteration in instructors ‘ patterns can merely happen through a alteration in their beliefsaˆÂ ¦ the manner instructors behave ‘ . How to cite The Concept Of Teaching Practicum Education Essay, Essay examples

Crafting and Executing Strategy Essay Example

Crafting and Executing Strategy Essay Crafting and Executing Strategy Name: Instructor: Course: We will write a custom essay sample on Crafting and Executing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Crafting and Executing Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Crafting and Executing Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Date: Crafting and Executing Strategy 1. Develop an argument supporting the importance of a strategic plan for the success of the defined business The Hershey Company, commonly known as the Hershey’s or Hershey Foods Company since 2005, is considered the largest manufacturer of chocolate in North America with its headquarters in Hershey, Pennsylvania. In general, a strategic plan is the process covering the defining of strategy, directing and making effective decisions within the company, as well as resource allocation decisions that fit the business and its environment best. A strategic plan is specially designed to guarantee the expansion and growth of a business. It provides guidelines and directs the business towards the plan. This makes it possible to manage the business at an active pace while maintaining a focus on the defined goals and objectives. As a business professional, I completely understand the importance of a strategic plan for Hershey Company. It is quite significant considering it purposes to match up the business strength to the opportunities available within the market. At the same time, it provides direction and guidelines upon which to follow in order to achieve the set goals and objectives. It can cover all areas of a business, including marketing, finance, production, and sales amongst other areas. A strategic plan brings all these areas together and directs them towards the goal of the company. Therefore, it is extremely necessary that Hershey Company develop a strategic plan in order to allow flourishing and growth of the business (Junka, 2011). It turns out that businesses that make use of a strategic plan attain best results, and are in a better position to deal with the volatility of both external and internal environment. More so, the chocolate business will have a better track to follow to arrive at its defined goals and objectives without failing (Junka, 2011). To ensure things within the business are moving seamlessly from one department to the other, it is necessary to have a strategic plan. To see growth within the company, a blueprint is required which every member of the organization follows in order to realize the set goals at every level. More so, it is almost impossible to control a business such as this that incorporates several departments like a long supply chain without having to bring to them together. Strategic plans purport to do this. Thus, a strategic plan for Hershey Company is crucial to see the development and growth of the company in long-term and short-term, as well as ensure control of the whole business. 2. Create a mission statement for the company explaining how the mission will be essential to the company’s success. Within the strategic planning, a mission statement comes in to give a broad picture, define the business and the purpose of its existence. Thus, it provides a path through which all the goals and objectives are to be directed. Its main purpose is stating the fundamental or primary reason for the establishment of the business. Hershey is a chocolate business with its main purpose being to offer clients sweetness through food. The mission statement of Hershey in this case is â€Å"to ensure that all clients all over the whole world receive the sweetness and happiness of Hershey every day.† This mission statement summarizes what the company exists to do, its market, which is the whole world, and its future. People love chocolate and associate it with happy moments. From the mission statement, one realizes the company aims at providing its customers with happy moments from its sweet food. Thus, workers are able to concentrate in producing sweet chocolate for the clients. Additionally, the mission statement describes the target market, which is the world. While formulating goals and objectives, the company will aim at capturing the whole world. Thus, the managers have to lay strategies for reaching out to the world. The mission statement further describes the future through mentioning of every day. Thus, all members of the organization will have to work hard every single day to ensure the world receives its sweet moments. The mission statement sets out the guideline for formulating strategies within the company. It further provides a blueprint upon which the goals and objectives are to be defined. After defining this mission statement, the company has to communicate it to the members, so they know what the organization intends to achieve. One cannot achieve anything without a mission. Thus, defining the mission of the business ensures that the members have a clear picture of what is expected. At this point, the members are aware of the purpose of the business is to provide customers with sweet quality chocolate. Thus, all their efforts and goals are directed towards the mission statement. 3. Create a vision statement for the company explaining how the vision statement supports the company’s mission Unlike a mission statement that is short-term, a vision statement provides a long-term view of the company, describing its future. A vision statement provides a picture of the company in the future and communicates it to the members. It states where the company wishes to be in the future, providing a guideline for defining goals, as well. This is quite crucial in order to make good progress and growth (Kenny, 2012). Without a vision, there is hardly any direction. One must have something they wish to achieve in order to focus their effort. For Hershey, it might want to become the worldwide leader in offering the world the best chocolate. The vision would be, to become the worldwide leader in providing customers with the best chocolate. This further supports the mission statement through providing a picture of the organization in the future. The vision is to become the best in the world in its industry while the mission is to provide the best chocolate. While the mission states the ex istence of the company, the vision states what the company wishes to be in the future through achieving its mission (Simerson, 2011). 4. Five (5) key objectives for the company encompassing operational, financial, and human resource aspects of the business and justify why each of these objectives is essential to the success of the business. In order to achieve the mission and vision of the company, operational, financial, and human resource objectives among others have to be formulated. For Hershey Company, the five objectives would be, attain and maintain high operational standards, ensure optimal production by producing maximum output with the least inputs, minimizing the costs while still maintaining quality, developing human resources for optimal performance and formulating strategies aimed at achieving the set goals within specified time (King Saylor, 2012). These objectives ensure that the business will have a chance to grow, as well as meet the mission and vision of the company. Attaining high operational standards ensures that the workers within the company and the operations move seamlessly to enhance production within all the departments. Without seamless operations in the company, it would be hard to achieve any goals. After ensuring high operating standards, it would be easy to achieve optimal production since workers can use the least inputs to achieve the best output possible (Kenny, 2012). Development of human resources is one of the best ways of ensuring quality and increased performance. Additionally, costs should be minimized for financial benefits. Finally, good strategies ensure to provide the company with a nice move upon which to achieve the goals. 5. How the five (5) key objectives established support the mission and vision statements of the company as defined in the assignment The five key objectives are formulated and designed to achieve the mission and vision of the company. Without such objectives that ensure operations are running smoothly within the organization, achieving the mission statement would be next to impossibility. For instance, the objective of developing human resource ensures that the organization has top talent to achieve the goals and objectives (King Saylor, 2012). The objectives are designed to ensure the company is running smoothly in its operations, which focus on achieving the mission and vision statement. Thus, the business would be in a position to achieve best possible results using the formulated objectives, thus ensuring the mission and vision of the company is both achieved. References Junca, J. Pelaez, J. (2011). Optimal Execution Strategy: Price Impact and Transaction Cost. Berkeley, CA. King, B. Saylor, C. (2012). The Importance of, and Resources for, Successful Strategic Planning. The University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNCP ) Kenny, G. (2012). Strategic Planning and Performance Management. New York, N.Y: Routledge. Simerson, B. K. (2011). Strategic planning: A practical guide to strategy formulation and execution. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.

How to Get a Job in Another State

How to Get a Job in Another State Maybe your partner or your spouse is being transferred. Maybe you’re just graduating from a far-off college and want to live and work closer to home. Or maybe you just need a change of scenery. For most people, the most stressful and important part about moving is finding employment in a new city. Unless you work remotely, this can be tricky. Here are 6 ways you can make potential employers confident in hiring you as an out-of-state applicant.1. Ditch your home address.At best, your home address is irrelevant to your qualifications for the job. At worst, it could turn off hiring managers who don’t want to pay relocation expenses, or aren’t sure about your commitment or ability to move and start in a timely fashion.If you absolutely need a home address, you can get yourself a local mailbox that will forward to you through Mailboxes, Etc. If your phone number is holding you back, you can get a Google phone number with the area code of your target state.2. Do your r esearch.The more you know about the place you want to go the better. What are the major industries? What does the job market look like? Figure out through the Chambers of Commerce and the state or city’s Office of Economic Development which jobs are hot and therefore easier to land. If you don’t know where exactly you want to move, research instead what states and cities are best for the field you want to work in. Finally, see if it feels like a place where you would really want to live.Check out the following:Top 5 Jobs in the WestTop 5 Jobs in the NortheastTop 5 Jobs in the SouthwestTop 5 Jobs in the MidwestTop 5 Jobs in the Southeast3. Grow your network.Tap into your existing network to mine for contacts who might be able to help you get your foot in the door somewhere else- particularly your alumni network. Ask for email introductions to local companies or contacts. Visit if you can. No matter what, start building your own network there through social media sites a nd LinkedIn. Join a local meet-up or LinkedIn group for updates.4. Take care of your own moving logistics.To avoid missing out on opportunities with companies that don’t want to pay to help you move, there are ways to let them know you’re willing to handle the move logistics and expenses yourself. A line in your cover letter addressing the issue works. You could always make it clear that you are already living in the city, staying with a friend or subletting, pending your job search.If you can be there physically, it’s never inappropriate to mention when you’ll be there and available for an interview. Employers will be much more eager to hire you if they don’t have to pay for relocation.5. Be smart about money.Figure out the logistics of your financial situation in your new state before you get there. Bone up on the relative cost-of-living, the average salary range for your industry and role, how far your money will go when you live there, and how much you require. Figure out your target state’s tax code to assess your liabilities.6. Assure them you  will be moving.Remember, no potential employer wants to hear you waffling. Be willing to talk about it- and when you do, be honest. Don’t make promises to interview if you cannot make it. Ask instead for a Skype interview, if possible. But do make sure to make it clear that you are moving, not just that you’re considering it. Make them know you’re as safe a bet as someone already living down the street.

Acid Base Science Fair Project Ideas

Acid Base Science Fair Project Ideas Are you looking for a science fair idea involving acids, bases, or pH? Here are some ideas to get you started: Measure the amount of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in orange juice (or another juice). Test to see how the amount of vitamin C changes after the juice is exposed to air (or light or heat).Simulate acid rain by adding an acid to water. You can use pH paper to test whether the acidity is changed after water runs through different types of soil or through plant root systems.Is the acidity of apples (malic acid) affected by their ripeness?See if you can make your own pH indicator from common plants or chemicals.Measure the pH of common acidic beverages (soft drinks, lemonade, orange juice, tomato juice, milk, etc.) and examine how easily they corrode metal (such as iron). Another idea: which is more corrosive? A salt solution or an acidic liquid?Do all brands of orange juice contain the same amount of ascorbic acid?Compare the effects of different acidic fruit juices and liquids (e.g., vinegar) at preventing apple browning.Which animals saliva has the lowest pH? You could test humans, dogs, cats, possibly other species. What is the effect of pH on growth or survivability of daphnia (an aquatic crustacean)? You could test other factors too, such as salinity or the presence of detergent in the water.How does the pH of the water affect tadpole development?Does acid rain (real or simulated) affect the number and type of organelles seen in algae under the microscope?Which is a better conductor of electricity, an acid or a base?Does the pH of water affect the growth or survivability of mosquito larvae?

Systems Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Systems Project Management - Essay Example Moreover, the mode of data referencing seemed to be difficult and time consuming. Therefore, adoption and implementation of information systems in hospitals will automatically increase the efficiency and effectiveness of data interaction thereby increasing the quality of services offered in the hospital set up. Hospital information systems are massive, integrated system aimed at supporting hospitals’ comprehensive information requirements that include patient, ancillary, and financial management. It should be noted that hospitals have become extremely complex. Moreover, they have large units and departments that need to be administered from a central unit of management as a mean of coordinating care to patients (Velde, 1992; Pg. 342). Therefore, manual data management will be quite cumbersome especially due to the large departments and the ever growing number of patients in these institutions. Thus, the only sure way to help hospitals to become reliable and efficient is to adv ise them to adopt hospital information systems in their patients and data management. The use of information systems will help the hospital to diagnose, manage, and educate relevant stakeholders towards improving their services and practices (Winter and Haux, 2011, Pg. 21). Implementation of information systems in hospitals is inevitable since numerous dominating factors including people, organization, and technology are currently inseparable. Hospitals have currently integrated a series of functions and activities including: Consultation, Disease diagnosis, Providing treatment and treatment facilities, Patients and children immunization, Admission facilities including beds, nursing, and medicine among others. Hospitals also conduct other operational services that include: Recording patients’ information General billing Recording diagnostic information per patient Keeping immunization records per patient or per child Keeping records for various diseases and medicines for cura ble diseases All these activities and services are often done manually, for hospitals that have not adopted the use of information systems. The activity involved in recording such data is hectic in that each patient’s information is often recorded manually and some of the patient’s personal information includes name, age, and gender (Dudeck, 1997; Pg. 261). These information or data are usually stored afresh whenever the patient visits the hospital. Furthermore, bills that are generated from other units and hospital departments are recorded separately and provided to customer of separate bill sheets. At the end of it all, the same bills will be summed up differently and this will be a waste of time and writing resources. All these data often occupy space; therefore, they are usually destroyed after sometimes to provide space for other day data set. The quantity of data or file piles usually hinders doctors from referring to such files as the need may demand. The volume of the files will obviously discourage the doctors; thus, they will resort to gauze work and such actions may be injurious to the patients involved (Schmitz, 1979; Pg. 92). Therefore, the aim of this project is to eliminate of physical data collection, storage, and reference to improve management of both the patients and hospital management. Part one: Scope The scope of this project is to develop and install software that will automate management in

Cigarette Taxes - Where Does the Money Really Go Essay

Cigarette Taxes - Where Does the Money Really Go - Essay Example (Chaloupka, 45-57) Yet suggestion to more increase cigarette taxes are prepared each year typically to fund new or delayed government programs not linked to tobacco control. Raising cigarette taxes are responsible for the insincerity of "politically correct" tax outline of adult smokers. The projected weighted average state excise tax on cigarettes as of December 2004 was 76 cents per packet, and the federal government toll an additional 39 cents per packet. Federal, state and public excise taxes on cigarettes for the financial year ending June 2003 was calculated to be more than $19 billion. (Jonathan, 2005) This is not a reasonable way to tax cigarettes or the adults who smoke them. It's time to end the insincerity of tobacco excise taxes and broaden the tax burden more moderately. During the period 1998-2005, federal, state and local governments received approximately $218 BILLION in excise tax and (MSA)/state expenses. Since 2001, 41 states have raised tobacco taxes, and suggestion to increase the federal excise tax on cigarettes, at present 39 cents per packet, are regularly being considered by Congress. Cigarette tax increase suggestion is made repeatedly, generally to fund new or prolonged government programs unrelated to tobacco control. ... Despite these description, further increasing excise taxes on cigarettes totals to "politically acceptable" tax profiling of adult smokers. Generous funding for tobacco control and youth smoking deterrence is by now being presented by the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). The MSA affords industry funding particularly allocated for youth anti-smoking education programs and a national health research foundation. But is the MSA money being used sensibly By the end of fiscal year 2005, only three states had congregate or go beyond minimum strategy, as suggested by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), for expenditure on tobacco control. According to 2005 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) facts, the 46 states that are gathering to the MSA spent less than five% of MSA taxes on tobacco control. Thirty-three of the 46 states depleted anywhere between zero and 10% of MSA duty on tobacco control. Slightly than the youth-smoking prevention and future Medicaid settlement for which it was proposed, MSA money is being spent on all from golf carts to bridges, roads and parks to state shortage decline, and, of course, on more administration.(Robert & Stephen, 78-84) Cigarette Excise Taxes and Funding Through Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) funds and levies from other related settlements, state governments have extraordinary funds on hand to them to reduce youth smoking. Future annual payments, stand upon inflation and cigarette sales, will persist in infinity. Although the MSA frequently state that "performance of tobacco-related public health measures," each state chooses how its MSA funds are spent. Tobacco companies do not have any

Asthma and the Buteyko Breathing Technique (BBT)

Asthma and the Buteyko Breathing Technique (BBT) Introduction Lung disease is any pathology that occurs in the lung components and causes the lungs not to function properly and this may lead to serious problems that may cause death. They are considered the third killing factor worldwide. Lung diseases include emphysema , bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary failure, pneumonia, tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism. These diseases have the following signs and symptoms which are coughing , dyspnea, short breaths, noisy breath sound, fever, chest pain , and using accessory muscle of the neck which include scalene, upper trapezium and sternocleidmastoid muscles. The common causes of these lung diseases are smoking, infections, and genetics factors (Simon,2000) .Treatment of lung disease includes medications like corticosteroid, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and physical therapy that will give patients breathing exercises. One of the most common chronic obstructive disease, is bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is the fifth reason for hospitalized worldwide. Physiotherapists used to treat bronchial asthma patients who have hyperventilation symptoms using breathing exercises known as buteyko breathing technique (BBT) in additional to bronchial asthma therapy.(Bishop,2007) Background Professor Konstantin Buteyko was a Russian physiologist (1932-2003) , who gave his name to a treatment for bronchial asthma patients. The whole idea started in 1960s when he came with the idea that shallow breathing is going to help patients who suffer from hyperventilation like bronchial asthma and stenocardia. He suggested that hyperventilation lead to decrease the amount of blood that is going to alveoli and low- level of CO2 lead to bronchoconstriction which increase hyperventilation. (Bishop,2007) Literature Review Robert L. and other on 2007 tried to evaluate the efficiency of a non -pharmacological intervention Buteyko Breathing Technique (BBT) in patients with asthma with their corticosteroid medication consumption. The design of the study was a randomized control trail of buteyko technique involving 182 subject divided into group of adult with asthma their age ranged from 18-50 years old. While the control group was trained by physiotherapy for relaxation breathing technique. The main results measures by level of asthma control, defined by composite score based on Canadian asthma consensus reported 6 months after completion of intervention. The consequences show that both groups had related enhancement and a high amount with asthma control six months after accomplishment of the intervention. In the Buteyko group the degree with asthma control increased from 40% to 79% percent and in the control group from 44% to 72%. The main conclusion that six month after completion of the intervention, a large majority of subject in each group shown control of their asthma with the additional benefits of lessening in inhaled corticosteroid use in buteyko group.(Robert, 2007) McHugh on 2003 made a study to evaluate the impact of buteyko breathing technique (BBT) on medication consumption in asthma patients. The method used is a blinded randomized control trail comparing BBT with medication control . It was directed over 38 people with asthma aged between 18-70 years. Members were followed for six months. Medication use and tempts of ventilator function were recorded. The results exhibited that BBT group shown a lessening in inhaled steroid use of 50% only and beta-agonist use 85% after six month from intervention. In the control group there was no significant outcomes. The main conclusion that BBT is a safe and effective for asthma controlling for it is sign and symptoms. BBT has clinical and potential pharm-economics benefits that must have advance studies.(McHugh, 2003) Cooper and his colleges in 2003 completed a study to compare the effect of two breathing exercises which they are buteyko and pranayma which is a yoga breathing method for bronchial asthma patients. This study involve 90 grown-ups who complain of asthma and control it by using medications. They were divided into three groups First group follow buteyko breathing technique ,the second group use a pranayma which is a yoga technique and the last group were the placebo group. Result measure used are symptoms score level , bronchial hyper reaction, medication used, forced expiratory volume before and after buteyko technique. The results showed that ( p=0.003) were the mean for buteyko group and bronchodilator uses have been lessened by two puffs/day after 6 month of practicing buteyko technique while there was no change in the mean in the other two groups. There wasnt difference in the forced expiratory volume or even volume to reduce inhaled corticosteroids. The main conclusion that BBT c an recover symptoms and lessen bronchodilator use but doesnt seem to change bronchial responsiveness or lung function in patients with asthma.(Cooper, 2003) Anatomy of Respiratory System When we breathe air it go through nose to the lower respiratory tract. The advantage of nose breathing is that when air passes through the nose it will be moisturizer, heated and cleaned from any dust. After that air moves to larynx to go into trachea. Trachea is a sensitive structure because if any cold or dry air go into it , this will cause coughing and wheezing as normal interaction to these irritation .After that air moves from the trachea to the lung through the bronchi which are entered in each lung (Figure 1). The lungs are the most important part of human respiratory system. The right lung is divided into three lobes m while the left lung is divided into two lobes. Both lungs are protected by the chest wall. In the lung small air sacs known as alveoli . Then the gases exchanged from the alveoli to the blood stream through small blood vessels known as capillaries. On the other hand , the body waste CO2 returns to the capillaries to be exhaled during breathing. Healthy bronchi al tubes make rapid gases exchange to maintain unchanged level of O2 and CO2 in the blood stream. The outer surface of bronchi is surrounded with smooth muscles that contract , relax in smooth rapid way in each breath. This process will maintain the required amount of air that is needed to go into lung tissues for normal gases exchange. This process of contraction and relaxation of muscles in controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic of nerves system.(Gerard J,2005) What is Bronchial Asthma One of the most common chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammation of lung airways that leads to swelling and narrowing of them. The results of this narrowing is difficulty in breathing. The narrowing of airways may be total or partial and can be reversed with treatments. Bronchial asthma is one of the most common diseases , it affect one in every 15 adults in United states of America. It is known to cause physiologically reversible or total obstruction or narrowing to air . Pathologically this will increase thickening of airways because of inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Also narrowing of airways maybe due to swelling which is caused by immune response to allergic materials. (Gerard J,2005) Causes of Bronchial Asthma The main cause of bronchial asthma is inflammation of lung airways that is increased by the increase of irritable stimulations such as dust, vapor, humid weather, cold air, smoke , air pollutions, and fumes.(Gerard J, 2005) Sign and Symptoms of Bronchial Asthma Bronchial asthma have major sign and symptoms that are diverse depending on the severity of the disease. These signs and symptoms include wheezing that is defined as a whistling , hissing sound when exhaling air. Prolonged Coughing, that is usually at night not as good as at early morning, and may occur after workout or when unprotected against cold or dry air. Fast breathing is another symptom of bronchial asthma because fewer air reaches the lungs which is the reasons fast breathing to make up the insufficiency. Another symptoms is the usage of accessory muscle of neck and upper shoulder. Palpitation is another symptoms which is caused by as an asthma attack become worse the airways forceful air through the narrow airways become harder. Muscles of your trunk start to help. This is seen in motion (Figure 3) of the esophagus (2), and sucking in of the abdominal just under the breast bone (5) and among the ribs (4) with each breath leading to heart palpitation. As a response to less a ir passing through inflamed airways that will cause body to do more strength to move air and due to that heart starts to contract faster (3).( Gerard , 2005) Prevention of Bronchial Asthma Bronchial asthma can be prevented by following these strategies: Always check with medical physician for treatment plan to mange signs and symptoms for bronchial asthma . Know the trigger of asthma to be avoided such as pollen air and cold air . Always monitor their breathing type so that they can recognize early symptoms of asthma attack that include coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath. Quickly treat of bronchial asthma attack with immediate taking of medications prescribed and stopping the activity that may be the cause to trigger the attack. (Sue ,2002) Treatment of Bronchial Asthma Bronchial asthma can be treated by different types of medications like corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and by physical therapy. One of the important technique that help patients to control signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma is the Buteyko Breathing Technique (BBT) .( Sue , 2002) What is Buteyko Breathing Technique Buteyko technique is a breathing regulator technique to reduce minute ventilation besides inhibit hyperventilation to treat bronchial asthma as an alternative approach ,besides to the drugs used. Buteyko technique needs that breathing originates from diaphragm not mouth. The main purpose while practicing buteyko breathing style is to breath in a very controlled and shallow manner without holding in the air like your last breath, it should be a gentle rhythm of breathing in and out.(Bruton,2003) Preparation For Buteyko Breathing Technique Before starting the Buteyko Breathing technique session the physiotherapist should first takes patient pulse per minute and ability to exhale through Forced Expiratory Spiro-meter and measure the blood pressure and check if the patient have any health problems that may be contraindicated to buteyko breathing technique. Also it is important to take full medical history of management of patient bronchial asthma that usually includes hospital admission , consultant referrals and type of medication taken and their dosage. Also check if patient take other medication for other medical conditions. Physiotherapist should also check main signs and symptoms that affecting the patients daily work as if climbing stairs that increase shortness of breath to the patient. After that physiotherapist should inform bronchial asthma patient that buteyko session can be practiced three to five times a day . Before starting buteyko breathing technique session the physiotherapist should educate patient that this technique focus on breathing from the nose, so that nose clearness exercises should be given before starting session (Figure 5). The nose clearance exercises include pinching the nose gently and then move head forward and backward. Usually starting position will be sitting on chair without armrest after that progress to lying supine and finally to make patient adapt to this technique to be practiced in all active daily living of patients life, like climbing stairs. (kellet,2005) Steps of Buteyko Breathing Technique The Procedure of Buteyko Breathing Techniques is characterized by the following steps: Step 1: Close your mouth and breathe from the nose to get all the advantages mention before of nose breathing. (Figure 6).This step may be hard to be followed in the beginning but with practice it became easier with training. Step 2 : Use diaphragm to during breathing in and out , when patients practice breathing using diaphragm they should take in consideration to eliminate using of accessory muscle of neck and upper chest . (Figure 7). Step 3: Measure control pause for bronchial asthma patient , which is the time that patient able to grasp the nose and avoid air entry until the first feel of needing to re-breath again in the same way and pattern . ( Figure8) can be measure using stop watch. Step 4: Sit in an upright position and reduce breath for around 2 3 minutes, after that bronchial asthma patient will take short rest for 20-30 second and followed by another reduce breathing period for 3 minute followed by short rest again. Step 5: After the last short rest ,the physiotherapists check the final control pause again to check progress in amount of time patient able to hold breath. Usually in first session patient will able to increase time of control pause 2-3 seconds.(Oliver, 2009) Physiological Effects of Buteyko Breathing Technique During an asthma attack people start to panic and breath faster more than body demands. They actually over breathe because they are breathing so rapidly that causes the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood to fall too low. The body responds to that by causing the airways of the lungs to become tighter which leads to decrease inhaled air in each breathe which is shown when bronchial asthma patients trying to breathe harder. This technique will help to break this negative feedback cycle by educating bronchial asthma patients to breath in a shallow way and this will lead to decrease the amount of air that reach lung during breathing. Another benefit is increasing tolerance of body for higher levels of carbon dioxide in your blood.(Oliver,2009) Who will benefit from Buteyko Breathing Technique Buteyko breathing technique is suitable for bronchial asthma patients and some other conditions that lead to hyperventilation such as hay fever , which is allergic and inflammation due to dust , rhinitis which is also known as stuffy nose that happen due to inflammation of inner nose parts. Buteyko breathing technique can be included also for nose congestion, panic attack, resent heart, persistent cough, bronchitis, snoring and last for COPD patients .(Oliver,2009) Contraindications for Buteyko Breathing Technique Patients with these conditions will not be able to practice BBT even if they have bronchial asthma or any other condition that lead to hyperventilation . These conditions include kidney failure specially if patient on dialysis, current organ transplant, previous brain hemorrhage, recent heart attack or stroke, cardiac peacemaker device, active stomach ulcer, pregnancy, schizophrenia, uncontrolled high blood pressure, any current cancer treatment, sickle- cell anemia and sever emphysema with heart failure. (Oliver,2009) Conclusions Asthma is a common lung disease around the world and usually patients suffer from a lot of sign and symptoms like attacks of shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing that may affect their quality of life so that it need pharmacological agents to control it beside non-pharmacological techniques of pulmonary rehab such as buteyko technique. Buteyko breathing technique is a complementary method that proven it is effectiveness to control breathing in hyperventilation cases such as asthma and improve their quality of life, level of exercises, and forced respiratory volume. There are five core components of the buteyko breathing technique that they are the nose breathin , relax upper muscles, use diaphragm breathing, small gentle breaths and maintain good posture. The buteyko exercises can be done 3-5 times a day and it need committed for these exercises and make lifestyle changes, to be able to use fewer medication.